Centre for Climate Finance and Investment

Investing in nature: Why markets haven’t caught up yet

Pernille Holtedahl — Tue, 13 Oct 2026 12:14:02 +0000

Investing in nature: Why markets haven’t caught up yet

Pernille Holtedahl Tue, 13/10/2026 - 12:14

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In a bid to uncover how public equity markets address nature and biodiversity loss, new research from Pernille Holtedahl and Iva Koci reveals that nature investing is currently focused more on managing risk than finding new investment opportunities.
While investors recognise that nature-related risks can impact a company’s cash flow and long-term value, equity markets have yet to fully reflect these risks in company valuations.
Despite limited public nature-investment opportunities, water management emerges as the clearest investable theme.

Nature and biodiversity loss are high on the agenda of corporates and financial players. But how are investors responding to nature-related risks and opportunities in public equity markets?

Drawing directly from the perspectives of early-adopter investors through a bespoke survey and a series of semi-structured interviews, our research uncovers both the limitations and opportunities of investing in nature.

Nature investing is still primarily about managing risk

Currently, nature investing is more about managing risk than finding new investment opportunities.

Most public equity investors take nature into account from a financial perspective, mainly to protect their portfolios from potential losses. This includes exposure to operational, regulatory or reputational risks.

Nature is viewed less as a strategic source of long-term value creation.

The nature data challenge

So, what is holding nature investing back?

The problem is not simply a lack of reliable data, but the challenge of translating data into information that investors can use to make investment decisions. Data on nature and biodiversity can be hard to measure, leaving investors uncertain about which data are useful and reliable.

Investors also perceive a lack of evidence that positive nature impact translates into financial performance.

Furthermore, our research identifies that public equities seem to offer investors relatively few ways of investing directly in biodiversity restoration or nature itself.

More than half of respondents (55 per cent) indicate they invest in nature “solution providers” – public companies whose activities directly contribute to solving nature and biodiversity challenges. Consensus amongst public equity investors on what qualifies as a nature solution remains limited, however, leading to a broad definition.

Public equity investors primarily invest in how products are made, rather than in what is produced. For example, they invest in beverage producers that have reduced plastic packaging, or clothing brands that recycle fabrics or have improved their supply chain.

Direct investments in nature and biodiversity – such as sustainable agriculture or forestry – are better suited to private markets.

Altogether, these challenges create investment barriers that will remain difficult to address without better risk models, coordinated policy or market interventions.

Previous research from ImperiaBusiness School found that businesses are more likely to act on biodiversity when nature-related interventions deliver clear and measurable financial value, pointing to a similar underlying problem.

"Investor awareness of nature is running ahead of market action."

Investors see the risk. Markets don’t.

Investors overwhelmingly recognise that nature-related risks can negatively affect a company’s future cash flows and long-term value (financial materiality). Yet they report that these risks are not adequately reflected in current equity prices (market materiality).

This disconnect can be explained by the fact that nature-related exposures are difficult for markets to price because they are often long-term, uncertain and difficult to observe through standard valuation models.

The pricing picture is not the same across all sectors. Nature-related risks are more likely to be incorporated into equity prices in sectors that are directly dependent on natural capital. This includes land-intensive industries, such as agriculture, paper, pulp and timber, and utilities. Nature risks are more immediate and operationally relevant in these sectors, and therefore can have a more direct effect on a company’s cash flows.

Nevertheless, 63 per cent of respondents expect nature-related risks and opportunities to become more fully priced over the coming decade.

Why water stands out

Public nature-investment opportunities are emerging in areas where investment models are well established and available. Water management has emerged as the most highly rated opportunity amongst respondents, with nearly 80 per cent rating it as “very important”, followed by forests and other provisioning industries.

The sector has many characteristics that make investors comfortable. This includes a large number of listed companies, established business models, clearer revenue streams and stronger links to financial value, which help to attract investor attention.

Water-related challenges are also more immediately quantifiable, data-driven and actionable than other nature themes, making them easier to incorporate into existing investment processes.

What does this mean for markets?

Structural and informational barriers currently make it difficult for investors to incorporate nature considerations into public equity investment decisions. This early stage of nature investing is similar to where climate risk integration was in its early years: investors are increasingly aware of the risks, but markets have yet to fully price them in.

Nevertheless, growing awareness, regulatory developments and better measurement frameworks may help nature-related risks and opportunities become more fully incorporated into asset prices over the coming decade.

For now, investor awareness of nature is running ahead of market action.

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Nature is gaining investor attention, but markets are still struggling to price its value. New research reveals why investors remain cautious, what must change to unlock opportunities, and why water is emerging as a key area to watch.

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Next-Generation Climate Finance Solutions Take Centre Stage at the 2026 Climate Investment Challenge

Evie Burrows-Taylor — Wed, 01 Jul 2026 14:43:50 +0000

Next-Generation Climate Finance Solutions Take Centre Stage at the 2026 Climate Investment Challenge

Evie Burrows-Taylor Wed, 01/07/2026 - 14:43

1 July 2026

Two teams took the top prizes: AquaRisk Horizon, a marine risk-analytics platform from New York University, in the Climate Data Analytics track, and the Specialty Crops Resilience Fund, a blended-finance pilot for Indian smallholder farmers from ��, in the Innovative Financing Mechanisms track. Now in its seventh year and organised by ImperiaCollege Business School students and the Centre for Climate Finance and Investment, the Challenge held its 2026 final in London on 11 June, where the eight finalist teams pitched to a panel of expert judges.

The Challenge could not have happened without its generous sponsors (General Atlantic, Hitachi, Morgan Stanley and the Centre for Climate Finance and Investment (CCFI) and Centre for Sectoral Economic Performance (CSEP), both at ��).

Following a rigorous evaluation process, the teams had been shortlisted across two tracks: Climate Data Analytics and Innovative Financing Mechanisms.

New for 2026, the Climate Data Analytics track focused on tools, models, and decision-support systems that help investors assess climate-related risks and opportunities with greater precision. The Innovative Financing Mechanisms track continued the Challenge’s focus on investable structures, including funds, bonds, securitisation vehicles, and blended finance models designed to deploy capital at scale. Together, the two tracks showcased the breadth of innovation emerging across climate finance, from analytics platforms and transition risk tools to financing vehicles for infrastructure, agriculture, and nature-based solutions. The two-track structure reflects where climate finance is heading: better data and new financial instruments increasingly advance together, since capital follows credible risk measurement, and risk measurement matters only when it helps unlock investment.

The Innovative Financing Mechanisms finalists included Tilo Cooperativo Fund from UC Berkeley, Social Housing Infrastructure Project from University College London, Geopulse Syndicate Fund from Copenhagen Business School, and Specialty Crops Resilience Fund from ��. The Climate Data Analytics finalists included AquaRisk Horizon from New York University, Climate360 from ��, SIGDRI from University College London, and the Climate Transition Financing Ratio Tool from Columbia University.

The judging panel included: Ashley Edwards (Morgan Stanley), Cornelia Gomez (General Atlantic), Robert Kosowski (��) and Rowan Douglas (Centre for Climate Finance and Investment, ��). The quality of submissions impressed the panel of senior leaders and academics from across the climate finance ecosystem. Cornelia Gomez, Managing Director and Global Head of Sustainability at General Atlantic, reflected on the calibre of the participants: “Judging this challenge was a genuine reminder of the talent and quality of the next generation of leaders entering this field; the command of financial and sustainability-linked thinking from the teams was exceptional.”

Robert Kosowski, Professor at ImperiaBusiness School, added: “I was impressed by the quality of the presentations, students’ passion for their topics and how students leveraged their work experience and classwork to propose novel solutions. I wish the candidates all the best and hope that their ideas will have the impact they envisaged.” In addition to the judges’ constructive feedback, the winning teams will receive mentoring and technical feedback from Hitachi’s R&D lab.

The winning team in the Climate Data Analytics track was AquaRisk Horizon, developed by Juyeon Kim and Jangho Lee from New York University. AquaRisk Horizon addresses a critical blind spot in aquaculture finance: while many physical risk tools assess damage to fixed infrastructure, they often fail to capture how changing ocean conditions affect living aquatic assets. The platform translates location-specific marine stressors into biological risk indicators and lender-facing credit metrics, including asset-level climate risk scores, debt service coverage impacts, and climate-adjusted probability of default.

The team brings together strong scientific and commercial expertise. Jangho Lee is a postdoctoral researcher at NYU with a background in Earth and Environmental Science from Seoul National University and a PhD from Texas A&M University. His research experience in climate modelling, climate impacts, Python, AI, and diffusion models supports the technical foundation of the platform. Juyeon Kim brings engineering, strategy, and business experience, including prior roles at Samsung Electronics and Daelim, alongside MBA training at NYU Stern. Together, the team combines climate science, biological risk modelling, and financial translation.

The winning team in the Innovative Financing Mechanisms track was Specialty Crops Resilience Fund, developed by an Imperiateam led by Dwaipayan Chakraborty, with Summer Hong, Sofian Kurniawan, Snigdha Kyathari, and Rajeshwari H S. The proposal is a £5 million blended finance pilot designed to support Indian smallholder farmers growing climate-resilient specialty crops, beginning with makhana (fox nut) in Bihar and later expanding to saffron and turmeric.

The fund tackles a structural financing challenge faced by smallholder farmers: limited access to bank-recognised collateral often forces farmers into distress sales, reducing income and weakening incentives to maintain climate-positive agricultural systems. In essence, the fund pays farmers a fair price for their crops up front and shares in the gains when those crops sell well, so growers are not forced to sell cheaply after a poor season. Specialty Crops Resilience Fund proposes a structure combining advance purchase agreements, warehouse inventory collateral, escrow waterfalls, parametric insurance, and a Convertible Revenue Right mechanism. The model aims to improve farmer liquidity and income while preserving carbon-stable agricultural landscapes and creating an investable pathway for climate-resilient agriculture.

Together, the two winning teams illustrate the ambition of the 2026 Climate Investment Challenge. AquaRisk Horizon strengthens the information layer behind climate finance by translating ocean stress into actionable credit metrics. Specialty Crops Resilience Fund demonstrates how blended finance can unlock capital for underserved agricultural communities while supporting farmer resilience and climate-positive land use. Their solutions highlight the role of student-led innovation in advancing practical, investment-ready responses to climate challenges. From risk analytics to investable financing structures, the 2026 cohort points to a wider trend: the practical tools needed to move capital toward climate solutions are increasingly being built by the next generation of finance professionals.

Find out more about the Climate Investment Challenge here.

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The 2026 Climate Investment Challenge brought together student-led climate finance solutions from more than 30 institutions across five continents

Participants in this year's Climate Investment Challenge. Source: ImperiaBusiness School

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Global experts explore new ways to navigate an uncertain future

Lou Lee — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 10:15:24 +0000

Global experts explore new ways to navigate an uncertain future

Lou Lee Mon, 14/04/2025 - 10:15

23 October 2026 News

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8 September 2026

Researchers from across the world gathered at ImperiaBusiness School on 1–2 September for the Risk Sciences Annual Conference 2026, hosted by the Centre for Climate Finance and Investment (CCFI) in partnership with Tsinghua University’s School of Economics and Management.

The two-day conference explored how new approaches to risk analysis can help decision-makers navigate an increasingly complex world – from climate change and biodiversity loss to financial instability, cyber threats, artificial intelligence and supply chain disruption.

Bringing together expertise from economics, finance, mathematics, computer science, engineering and the life sciences, the programme highlighted the value of looking beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. Sessions examined topics including sustainable finance, nature-related risks, voluntary carbon markets, AI and machine learning, macro-financial risks, insurance, and climate finance.

A series of plenary and parallel sessions featured leading researchers from leading universities and research institutions across Europe, Asia and North America. Discussions ranged from monitoring tropical forests and quantifying cyber risk, to understanding how AI can be made safer and how financial systems can better share and manage risk.

“The risks we face today are increasingly interconnected, and understanding them requires us to look beyond traditional boundaries. This conference brought together researchers from different disciplines to share ideas, challenge assumptions and develop new approaches to managing uncertainty.”

Professor Enrico Biffis

Professor of Actuarial Finance and Academic Director of CCFI

The conference also saw the inaugural Ken Seng Tan Award, recognising outstanding interdisciplinary research that advances the field of risk sciences. The award went to Fabio Maccheroni, Massimo Marinacci, Ruodu Wang and Qinyu Wu for their paper Risk Aversion and Insurance Propensity, which offers a new way to understand how people respond to uncertainty through their willingness to use insurance.

By convening leading academics and experts from around the world, the conference underlined ImperiaBusiness School’s commitment to research that is rigorous, relevant and connected to real-world challenges.

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From climate change to AI, leading researchers explored how better risk analysis can help build a more resilient future.

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Climate resilience in focus at London Climate Action Week

Lou Lee — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 10:15:24 +0000

Climate resilience in focus at London Climate Action Week

Lou Lee Mon, 14/04/2025 - 10:15

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Delivered in collaboration with General Atlantic, the event reflected the Centre for Climate Finance and Investment's (CCFI) growing role as a convenor of interdisciplinary expertise on climate risk and finance. Discussions explored how climate-related risks such as extreme weather are increasingly affecting economic stability, infrastructure, and investment decisions, and how organisations are adapting their approach to managing these risks over the long term.

The event opened with a keynote from Abigail Ng, Chief Sustainability Officer at the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), who highlighted climate resilience as a key part of protecting economic security. This was followed by a panel discussion chaired by Rowan Douglas CBE, Honorary Practice Fellow at CCFI, and featuring Kemal Erçevik (Bank of England), Natasha Fowlie (General Atlantic), Paul Munday (S&P Global), Julian Wentzel (HSBC).

A central theme throughout the conversation was the need to integrate climate and nature risks into the core functioning of financial systems, rather than treating them separately. Speakers highlighted the importance of better data, shared standards, and clearer ways of measuring risk in order to improve decision-making across banking, insurance, regulation and investment.

“This is what CCFI is all about: a platform that brings together scholarly excellence and leading market participants to deliver effective solutions at scale.”

Dr Enrico Biffis

Academic Director of CCFI and Professor of Actuarial Finance

Rowan Douglas commented: “We now have our resilience priorities confirmed and an excellent community of financial-sector partners to mobilise with CCFI and ��’s School of Convergence Science. Our mission is to help retrain the invisible hand to value resilience and better protect exposed assets and communities in the years and decades ahead.”

In closing remarks, Dr Enrico Biffis, Director of CCFI and Professor of Actuarial Finance and Academic, said: “This is what CCFI is all about: a platform that brings together scholarly excellence and leading market participants to deliver effective solutions at scale.”

The event underscored CCFI’s role within ImperiaBusiness School as a bridge between academic research and industry practice, and highlighted ongoing collaboration with MAS and other partners to strengthen resilience in the face of growing climate challenges.

Panel speakers (from left to right): Natasha Fowlie (General Atlantic), Kemal Ercevik (Bank of England), Julian Wentzel (HSBC), Paul Munday (S&P Global), and Rowan Douglas (ImperiaBusiness School).

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The Centre for Climate Finance and Investment (CCFI) brought together leaders from finance, insurance, law, technology, policy and academia for an event on Climate Resilience & Economic Security during London Climate Action Week (20-28 June).

Abigail Ng and Rowan Douglas at London Climate Action Week

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Are investors falling out of love with ESG?: Forbes quotes CCFI's Mike Wilkins

Evie Burrows-Taylor — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 10:38:43 +0000

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The selfish case for climate finance: The Financial Times covers new report by Professor Patrick Bolton

Evie Burrows-Taylor — Tue, 03 Dec 2024 15:01:39 +0000

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Mike Wilkins speaks to the Associated Press about climate finance measures at COP29

Evie Burrows-Taylor — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 14:48:31 +0000

Mike Wilkins speaks to the Associated Press about climate finance measures at COP29 Evie Burrows-Taylor Tue, 19/11/2024 - 14:48

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What's holding back the green transition?

Mirabelle Muûls — Mon, 11 Nov 2024 12:21:54 +0000

What's holding back the green transition?

Mirabelle Muûls Mon, 11/11/2024 - 12:21

12 November 2024

New research from ImperiaBusiness School reveals what’s stopping businesses from taking action to protect our overheated planet.

A wide commitment to reach net zero climate goals by 2050 requires a concerted effort from industry and business to make drastic cuts to emissions, consume less and introduce cleaner ways of producing. But this requires major investments.

While multinationals such as Apple have already set zero emissions goals, smaller companies can find it harder to commit. Modest as their individual impact is, combined, they make a substantial difference.

Switching to cleaner ways of doing business requires money and expertise – and we wanted to discover what exactly is hampering progress. How easy is it for smaller firms to find the funds for cleaner technology and methods? How crucial are managers when implementing greener strategies? How important is it for firms to set goals to limit their use of energy and water, and reduce pollution?

Better environmental investments

Our early analysis revealed that firms differ significantly in how much money they can borrow, and the competence of their environmental leadership. Both these factors affect corporate carbon footprints: less money means fewer green investments and better management makes for better environmental investments.

We’ve looked in depth at nearly 11,000 companies in 22 European emerging economies, collaborating with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Our information came from a vast wealth of records including the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register, which holds information on emissions and pollution for industrial facilities, as well as bank data. Crucially, face-to-face surveys with business managers yielded detailed insights into firms’ investments in green technology, the quality of environmental management and availability of credit.

We delved deep into the data and used econometric tools to show that it was indeed credit access and green management practices that prompted a shift in environmental performance.

Nearly all growth in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in the coming three decades will come from less developed economies

In order to measure the availability of finance at the level of individual firms, we looked at where banks’ branches are located, and what constraints they were placed under, particularly during the credit squeeze that followed the 2008 global financial crisis.

We also looked at whether corporate knowhow about greener practices tends to spread within regions. Managers in areas that have experienced extreme weather such as flooding, heatwaves and fierce storms tend to be more switched on about the need to improve their businesses’ climate performance. They are also more open to better management, and these insights trickle down among firms.

This work reinforced our initial findings. If businesses can’t borrow the money, they’re less likely to invest in more climate-friendly, but costly, green machinery and vehicles, our analysis shows, or in more efficient heating, lighting and cooling. Only 12 per cent of businesses invested in generating their own green energy. We found too that access to finance is less crucial for “low-hanging fruit” improvements such as energy-efficiency measures.

Weak and ineffective green management appears to hamper most types of green investments.

Why focus on emerging markets?

Nearly all growth in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in the coming three decades will come from less developed economies, research shows. These are the countries that desperately need investment to clean up their polluting industries – green investment at this stage could ensure a cleaner transition in the future. It’s a cost-effective way to help fight climate change.

Our analysis also warns against false claims. Although economic decline can herald a short-term drop in emissions, thanks to less activity, the picture is bleaker in the longer term. This is true of the global financial crisis and also of the pandemic – the economic fallout from the crisis damaged longer term green investments because cash was hard to find.

Firms differ significantly in how much money they can borrow, and the competence of their environmental leadership

In areas where banks were hardest hit by the global financial crisis, we showed that carbon emissions were 5.6 per cent higher than they would have been, had banks not deleveraged in the wake of the event. We also find that companies’ weak green management has resulted in emissions 2.3 per cent higher than they might have been with better expertise. And the scarcity of credit in some areas means emissions have been 4.5 per cent above where they would be, had they been able to borrow more cash.

Investing in the environment

Our results provide hope. Some actions are relatively cheap to implement and could lead to businesses cutting emissions – if they set out and stick to an environmental strategy, for instance, and fix clear green targets. Competent managers can also help raise their firms’ green investments and have an impact across a wide range of issues such as emissions, pollution and cleaner practices.

Weak and ineffective green management appears to hamper most types of green investments

These results offer environmental policy makers a broader mix of options beyond the established carbon taxes and carbon markets. Targeted policies could include further requirements to measure and declare emissions and environmental impacts. Development banks could boost credit lines for green investments – more access to finance ensures that businesses invest significantly in the green transition.

Not only should businesses invest in innovative new tech, but also adopt cleaner production technologies that already exist. And stronger environmental leadership within companies would help businesses make more progress towards green goals. These are opportunities that developing economies can’t afford to miss.

This article draws on findings from "Managerial and Financial Barriers to the Green Transition" by Ralph De Haas (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development), Ralf Martin (��), Mirabelle Muûls (��) Helena Schweiger (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development).

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CCFI's Mike Wilkins tells Reuters why it's key for Asia to shift away from coal

Evie Burrows-Taylor — Fri, 04 Oct 2024 14:50:17 +0000

CCFI's Mike Wilkins tells Reuters why it's key for Asia to shift away from coal Evie Burrows-Taylor Fri, 04/10/2024 - 14:50

1 October 2024

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Investing in nature: Why markets haven’t caught up yet

Investing in nature: Why markets haven’t caught up yet

More blogs

The corporate sustainability actions that reward investors

Investing in nature: Why markets haven’t caught up yet

Could working from home strain your relationship?

Article at a glance

Nature investing is still primarily about managing risk

The nature data challenge

Investors see the risk. Markets don’t.

Why water stands out

What does this mean for markets?

Discover more on nature investing

Share

Nature is gaining investor attention, but markets are still struggling to price its value. New research reveals why investors remain cautious, what must change to unlock opportunities, and why water is emerging as a key area to watch.

Next-Generation Climate Finance Solutions Take Centre Stage at the 2026 Climate Investment Challenge

Next-Generation Climate Finance Solutions Take Centre Stage at the 2026 Climate Investment Challenge

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The 2026 Climate Investment Challenge brought together student-led climate finance solutions from more than 30 institutions across five continents

Global experts explore new ways to navigate an uncertain future

Global experts explore new ways to navigate an uncertain future

Dr Omar Mir launches ImperiaBusiness School’s Technology Leader Speaker Series with a call to put people at the heart of AI

ImperiaBusiness School’s gender equality commitment recognised with Athena Swan Silver Award

Making clean energy pay off for the communities that host it

Subscribe for research and events from the Business School

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From climate change to AI, leading researchers explored how better risk analysis can help build a more resilient future.

Climate resilience in focus at London Climate Action Week

Climate resilience in focus at London Climate Action Week

Dr Omar Mir launches ImperiaBusiness School’s Technology Leader Speaker Series with a call to put people at the heart of AI

ImperiaBusiness School’s gender equality commitment recognised with Athena Swan Silver Award

Making clean energy pay off for the communities that host it

Subscribe for research and events from the Business School

Share

The Centre for Climate Finance and Investment (CCFI) brought together leaders from finance, insurance, law, technology, policy and academia for an event on Climate Resilience & Economic Security during London Climate Action Week (20-28 June).

Are investors falling out of love with ESG?: Forbes quotes CCFI's Mike Wilkins

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Bloomberg speaks to Raffaele Della Croce about the climate adaptation lessons London can learn from Singapore and Copenhagen

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The selfish case for climate finance: The Financial Times covers new report by Professor Patrick Bolton

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Mike Wilkins speaks to the Associated Press about climate finance measures at COP29

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What's holding back the green transition?

New research from ImperiaBusiness School reveals what’s stopping businesses from taking action to protect our overheated planet.

Better environmental investments

Why focus on emerging markets?

Investing in the environment

Monthly newsletter

Do consumers really care about sustainability?

CCFI's Mike Wilkins tells Reuters why it's key for Asia to shift away from coal

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