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The central quandary facing 21st-century physics is that the two main pillars of 20th-century physics - quantum mechanics and Einstein's general theory of relativity, are mutually incompatible.

Quantum theory deals with the very small: atoms, subatomic particles and the forces between them. General relativity deals with the very large: stars, galaxies and gravity, the driving force of the cosmos as a whole. The dilemma is that on the microscopic scale, Einstein's theory fails to comply with the quantum rules that govern the behaviour of the elementary particles.