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  • Journal article
    Pulupa M, Bale SD, Badman ST, Bonnell JW, Case AW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Hegedus AM, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Krasnoselskikh V, Larson D, Lecacheux A, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Maksimovic M, Malaspina DM, Martinez Oliveros JC, Meyer-Vernet N, Moncuquet M, Stevens M, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 46
  • Journal article
    Duan D, Bowen TA, Chen CHK, Mallet A, He J, Bale SD, Vech D, Kasper JC, Pulupa M, Bonnell JW, Case AW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Korreck KE, Larson D, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Stevens M, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 40
  • Journal article
    Huang J, Kasper JC, Vech D, Klein KG, Stevens M, Martinovic MM, Alterman BL, Durovcova T, Paulson K, Maruca BA, Qudsi RA, Case AW, Korreck KE, Jian LK, Velli M, Lavraud B, Hegedus A, Bert CM, Holmes J, Bale SD, Larson DE, Livi R, Whittlesey P, Pulupa M, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Bonnell JW, Harvey P, Goetz K, de Wit TDet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 74
  • Journal article
    Chaston CC, Bonnell JW, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Pulupa M, de Wit TD, Bowen TA, Larson DE, Whittlesey PL, Wygant JR, Salem CS, MacDowall RJ, Livi RL, Vech D, Case AW, Stevens ML, Korreck KE, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Malaspina DMet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 28
  • Journal article
    Cohen CMS, Christian ER, Cummings AC, Davis AJ, Desai MI, Giacalone J, Hill ME, Joyce CJ, Labrador AW, Leske RA, Matthaeus WH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mewaldt RA, Mitchell DG, Rankin JS, Roelof EC, Schwadron NA, Stone EC, Szalay JR, Wiedenbeck ME, Allen RC, Ho GC, Jian LK, Lario D, Odstrcil D, Bale SD, Badman ST, Pulupa M, MacDowall RJ, Kasper JC, Case AW, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Livi R, Stevens ML, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 32
  • Journal article
    Desai MI, Mitchell DG, Szalay JR, Roelof EC, Giacalone J, Hill ME, McComas DJ, Christian ER, Schwadron NA, McNutt RL, Wiedenbeck ME, Joyce C, Cohen CMS, Ebert RW, Dayeh MA, Allen RC, Davis AJ, Krimigis SM, Leske RA, Matthaeus WH, Malandraki O, Mewaldt RA, Labrador A, Stone EC, Bale SD, Pulupa M, MacDowall RJ, Kasper JCet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 39
  • Journal article
    Schwadron NA, Bale S, Bonnell J, Case A, Christian ER, Cohen CMS, Cummings AC, Davis AJ, de Wit TD, de Wet W, Desai MI, Joyce CJ, Goetz K, Giacalone J, Gorby M, Harvey P, Heber B, Hill ME, Karavolos M, Kasper JC, Korreck K, Larson D, Livi R, Leske RA, Malandraki O, MacDowall R, Malaspina D, Matthaeus WH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mewaldt RA, Mitchell DG, Mays L, Niehof JT, Odstrcil D, Pulupa M, Poduval B, Rankin JS, Roelof EC, Stevens M, Stone EC, Szalay JR, Wiedenbeck ME, Winslow R, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 26
  • Journal article
    Mitchell DG, Giacalone J, Allen RC, Hill ME, McNutt RL, McComas DJ, Szalay JR, Schwadron NA, Rouillard AP, Bale SB, Chaston CC, Pulupa MP, Whittlesey PL, Kasper JC, MacDowall RJ, Christian ER, Wiedenbeck ME, Matthaeus WHet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 21
  • Journal article
    Halekas JS, Whittlesey P, Larson DE, McGinnis D, Maksimovic M, Berthomier M, Kasper JC, Case AW, Korreck KE, Stevens ML, Klein KG, Bale SD, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa MP, Malaspina DM, Goetz K, Harvey PRet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 125
  • Journal article
    Mozer FS, Agapitov OV, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Case T, Chaston CC, Curtis DW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Goodrich KA, Harvey PR, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Krasnoselskikh V, Larson DE, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Stevens M, Whittlesey PL, Wygant JRet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 97
  • Journal article
    Malaspina DM, Halekas J, Bercic L, Larson D, Whittlesey P, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Ergun RE, Howes G, Goetz K, Goodrich K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa M, Case AW, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Livi R, Stevens MLet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 35
  • Journal article
    Badman ST, Bale SD, Oliveros JCM, Panasenco O, Velli M, Stansby D, Buitrago-Casas JC, Reville V, Bonnell JW, Case AW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Stevens ML, Whittlesey PLet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Kim TK, Pogorelov NV, Arge CN, Henney CJ, Jones-Mecholsky SI, Smith WP, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, De Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Stevens M, Case AW, Whittlesey P, Livi R, Larson DE, Klein KG, Zank GPet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 15
  • Journal article
    Allen RC, Lario D, Odstrcil D, Ho GC, Jian LK, Cohen CMS, Badman ST, Jones SI, Arge CN, Mays ML, Mason GM, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Case AW, Christian ER, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Henney CJ, Hill ME, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson D, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, McComas DJ, McNutt R, Mitchell DG, Pulupa M, Raouafi N, Schwadron N, Stevens ML, Whittlesey PL, Wiedenbeck Met al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 37
  • Journal article
    Bandyopadhyay R, Matthaeus WH, Parashar TN, Chhiber R, Ruffolo D, Goldstein ML, Maruca BA, Chasapis A, Qudsi R, McComas DJ, Christian ER, Szalay JR, Joyce CJ, Giacalone J, Schwadron NA, Mitchell DG, Hill ME, Wiedenbeck ME, McNutt RL, Desai MI, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Velli M, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Stevens M, Case AW, Raouafi Net al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 26
  • Journal article
    Bowen TA, Mallet A, Huang J, Klein KG, Malaspina DM, Stevens M, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Case AW, Chandran BDG, Chaston CC, Chen CHK, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Howes GG, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson D, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, McManus MD, Pulupa M, Verniero JL, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 98
  • Journal article
    Krupar V, Szabo A, Maksimovic M, Kruparova O, Kontar EP, Balmaceda LA, Bonnin X, Bale SD, Pulupa M, Malaspina DM, Bonnell JW, Harvey PR, Goetz K, de Wit TD, MacDowall RJ, Kasper JC, Case AW, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Livi R, Stevens ML, Whittlesey PL, Hegedus AMet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 60
  • Journal article
    Korreck KE, Szabo A, Chinchilla TN, Lavraud B, Luhmann J, Niembro T, Higginson A, Alzate N, Wallace S, Paulson K, Rouillard A, Kouloumvakos A, Poirier N, Kasper JC, Case AW, Stevens ML, Bale SD, Pulupa M, Whittlesey P, Livi R, Goetz K, Larson D, Malaspina DM, Morgan H, Narock AA, Schwadron NA, Bonnell J, Harvey P, Wygant Jet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    McManus MD, Bowen TA, Mallet A, Chen CHK, Chandran BDG, Bale SD, Larson DE, de Wit TD, Kasper JC, Stevens M, Whittlesey P, Livi R, Korreck KE, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Pulupa M, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Case AW, Bonnell JWet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
    • Cite
    • Citations: 70
  • Journal article
    Escoubet CP, Hwang K-J, Toledo-Redondo S, Turc L, Haaland SE, Aunai N, Dargent J, Eastwood JP, Fear RC, Fu H, Genestreti KJ, Graham DB, Khotyaintsev YV, Lapenta G, Lavraud B, Norgren C, Sibeck DG, Varsani A, Berchem J, Dimmock AP, Paschmann G, Dunlop M, Bogdanova YV, Roberts O, Laakso H, Masson A, Taylor MGGT, Kajdi膷 P, Carr C, Dandouras I, Fazakerley A, Nakamura R, Burch JL, Giles BL, Pollock C, Russell CT, Torbert RBet al., 2020,

    , Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol: 6, Pages: 1-21, ISSN: 2296-987X

    When the supersonic solar wind encounters the Earth's magnetosphere a shock, called bow shock, is formed and the plasma is decelerated and thermalized in the magnetosheath downstream from the shock. Sometimes, however, due to discontinuities in the solar wind, bow shock ripples or ionized dust clouds carried by the solar wind, high speed jets (HSJs) are observed in the magnetosheath. These HSJs have typically a Vx component larger than 200 km s−1 and their dynamic pressure can be a few times the solar wind dynamic pressure. They are typically observed downstream from the quasi-parallel bow shock and have a typical size around one Earth radius (RE) in XGSE. We use a conjunction of Cluster and MMS, crossing simultaneously the magnetopause, to study the characteristics of these HSJs and their impact on the magnetopause. Over 1 h 15 min interval in the magnetosheath, Cluster observed 21 HSJs. During the same period, MMS observed 12 HSJs and entered the magnetosphere several times. A jet was observed simultaneously by both MMS and Cluster and it is very likely that they were two distinct HSJs. This shows that HSJs are not localized into small regions but could span a region larger than 10 RE, especially when the quasi-parallel shock is covering the entire dayside magnetosphere under radial IMF. During this period, two and six magnetopause crossings were observed, respectively, on Cluster and MMS with a significant angle between the observation and the expected normal deduced from models. The angles observed range between from 11° up to 114°. One inbound magnetopause crossing observed by Cluster (magnetopause moving out at 142 km s−1) was observed simultaneous to an outbound magnetopause crossing observed by MMS (magnetopause moving in at −83 km s−1), showing that the magnetopause can have multiple local indentation places, most likely independent from each other. Under the continuous impacts of HSJs, the magnetopause is deformed significan
  • Journal article
    Perrone D, D'Amicis R, De Marco R, Matteini L, Stansby D, Bruno R, Horbury TSet al., 2020,

    , Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal, Vol: 633, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 0004-6361

    Alfvénic fluctuations in solar wind are an intrinsic property of fast streams, while slow intervals typically have a very low degree of Alfvénicity, with much more variable parameters. However, sometimes a slow wind can be highly Alfvénic. Here we compare three different regimes of solar wind, in terms of Alfvénic content and spectral properties, during a minimum phase of the solar activity and at 0.3 au. We show that fast and Alfvénic slow intervals share some common characteristics. This would suggest a similar solar origin, with the latter coming from over-expanded magnetic field lines, in agreement with observations at 1 au and at the maximum of the solar cycle. Due to the Alfvénic nature of the fluctuations in both fast and Alfvénic slow winds, we observe a well-defined correlation between the flow speed and the angle between magnetic field vector and radial direction. The high level of Alfvénicity is also responsible of intermittent enhancements (i.e. spikes), in plasma speed. Moreover, only for the Alfvénic intervals do we observe a break between the inertial range and large scales, on about the timescale typical of the Alfvénic fluctuations and where the magnetic fluctuations saturate, limited by the magnitude of the local magnetic field. In agreement with this, we recover a characteristic low-frequency 1/f scaling, as expected for fluctuations that are scale-independent. This work is directly relevant for the next solar missions, Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter. One of the goals of these two missions is to study the origin and evolution of slow solar wind. In particular, Parker Solar Probe will give information about the Alfvénic slow wind in the unexplored region much closer to the Sun and Solar Orbiter will allow us to connect the observed physics to the source of the plasma.
  • Journal article
    Shatwell P, Czaja A, Ferreira D, 2020,

    <jats:p>To study the role of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC) in climate change, we perform an abrupt CO2-doubling experimentusing a coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice model with a simple geometry thatseparates the ocean into small and large basins. As in observations andhigh-end climate models, the small basin exhibits a MOC and warms at afaster rate than the large basin. In our set-up, this contrast in heatstorage rates is 0.6 +/- 0.1 W/m^2, and we argue that this is due tothe small basin MOC. However, the MOC weakens significantly, yet thishas little impact on the small basin’s heat storage rate. We find thisis due to the effects of both compensating warming patterns andinterbasin heat transports. Thus, although the presence of a MOC isimportant for enhanced heat storage, MOC weakening is surprisinglyunimportant.</jats:p>
  • Journal article
    Wang R, Vasko IY, Mozer FS, Bale SD, Artemyev AV, Bonnell JW, Ergun R, Giles B, Lindqvist P-A, Russell CT, Strangeway Ret al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 889, ISSN: 2041-8205
    • Cite
    • Citations: 43
  • Journal article
    Liu Z, Wang L, Shi Q, Oka M, Yang L, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF, He J, Tian H, Bale SDet al., 2020,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 889, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Gryspeerdt E, M眉lmenst盲dt J, Gettelman A, Malavelle F, Morrison H, Neubauer D, Partridge D, Stier P, Takemura T, Wang H, Wang M, Zhang Ket al., 2020,

    , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 20, Pages: 613-623, ISSN: 1680-7316

    The radiative forcing from aerosols (particularly through their interaction with clouds) remains one of the mostuncertain components of the human forcing of the climate. Observation-based studies have typically found a smaller aerosoleffective radiative forcing than in model simulations and were given preferential weighting in the IPCC AR5 report. With theirown sources of uncertainty, it is not clear that observation-based estimates are more reliable. Understanding the source of the model-observational difference is thus vital to reduce uncertainty in the impact of aerosols on the climate.These reported discrepancies arise from the different methods of separating the components of aerosol forcing used in modeland observational studies. Applying the observational decomposition to global climate model output, the two different linesof evidence are surprisingly similar, with a much better agreement on the magnitude of aerosol impacts on cloud properties.Cloud adjustments remain a significant source of uncertainty, particularly for ice clouds. However, they are consistent with the uncertainty from observation-based methods, with the liquid water path adjustment usually enhancing the Twomey effectby less than 50%. Depending on different sets of assumptions, this work suggests that model and observation-based estimatescould be more equally weighted in future synthesis studies.
  • Journal article
    Zelinka MD, Myers TA, McCoy DT, PoChedley S, Caldwell PM, Ceppi P, Klein SA, Taylor KEet al., 2020,

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 47, ISSN: 0094-8276

    Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO urn:x-wiley:grl:media:grl60047:grl60047-math-0001 doubling, has been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global climate models (GCMs), which attempt to represent all relevant physical processes, provide the most direct means of estimating climate sensitivity via CO urn:x-wiley:grl:media:grl60047:grl60047-math-0002 quadrupling experiments. Here we show that the closely related effective climate sensitivity has increased substantially in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), with values spanning 1.8–5.6 K across 27 GCMs and exceeding 4.5 K in 10 of them. This (statistically insignificant) increase is primarily due to stronger positive cloud feedbacks from decreasing extratropical low cloud coverage and albedo. Both of these are tied to the physical representation of clouds which in CMIP6 models lead to weaker responses of extratropical low cloud cover and water content to unforced variations in surface temperature. Establishing the plausibility of these higher sensitivity models is imperative given their implied societal ramifications.
  • Journal article
    Gingell I, Schwartz SJ, Eastwood JP, Stawarz JE, Burch JL, Ergun RE, Fuselier SA, Gershman DJ, Giles BL, Khotyaintsev YV, Lavraud B, Lindqvist P, Paterson WR, Phan TD, Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Torbert RB, Wilder Fet al., 2020,

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 125, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2169-9380

    We have conducted a comprehensive survey of burst mode observations of Earth's bow shock by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission to identify and characterize current sheets associated with collisionless shocks, with a focus on those containing fast electron outflows, a likely signature of magnetic reconnection. The survey demonstrates that these thin current sheets are observed within the transition region of approximately 40% of shocks within the burst mode data set of Magnetospheric Multiscale. With only small apparent bias toward quasi鈥恜arallel shock orientations and high Alfvén Mach numbers, the results suggest that reconnection at shocks is a universal process, occurring across all shock orientations and Mach numbers. On examining the distributions of current sheet properties, we find no correlation between distance from the shock, sheet width, or electron jet speed, though the relationship between electron and ion jet speed supports expectations of electron鈥恛nly reconnection in the region. Furthermore, we find that robust heating statistics are not separable from background fluctuations, and thus, the primary consequence of reconnection at shocks is in relaxing the topology of the disordered magnetic field in the transition region.
  • Journal article
    Hanson ELM, Agapitov OV, Mozer FS, Krasnoselskikh V, Bale SD, Avanov L, Giles BL, Torbert RBet al., 2020,

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 125, ISSN: 2169-9380
  • Journal article
    Wolf G, Czaja A, Brayshaw DJ, Klingaman NPet al., 2020,

    , JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, Vol: 33, Pages: 201-212, ISSN: 0894-8755
  • Journal article
    Reid J, Cargill PJ, Hood AW, Parnell CE, Arber TDet al., 2020,

    , Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal, Vol: 633, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 0004-6361

    The plasma heating associated with an avalanche involving three twisted magnetic threads within a coronal loop is investigated using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The avalanche is triggered by the kink instability of one thread, with the others being engulfed as a consequence. The heating as a function of both time and location along the strands is evaluated. It is shown to be bursty at all times but to have no preferred spatial location. While there appears to be a level of “background” heating, this is shown to be comprised of individual, small heating events. A comparison between viscous and resistive (Ohmic) heating demonstrates that the strongest heating events are largely associated with the Ohmic heating that arises when the current exceeds a critical value. Viscous heating is largely (but not entirely) associated with smaller events. Ohmic heating dominates viscous heating only at the time of the initial kink instability. It is also demonstrated that a variety of viscous models lead to similar heating rates, suggesting that the system adjusts to dissipate the same amount of energy.

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